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Olfactory mechanisms of kin recognition
Olfactory Mechanisms of Kin Recognition
Kin Recognition-Olfactory Systems
Two major molecules appear to play a role in kin recognition Kin recognition|via the olfactory system Olfactory system.|The first, and most controversial, is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Major histocompatibility complex. This molecule controls leukocyte formation in the body, and the molecule’s epitome can distinguish various molecules as “self” or “non-self”. While many studies suggest that organisms try to find a mate to create heterozygous offspring at the MHC-loci, and thus improve immune function, a better explanation may be that the MHC-loci is used to distinguish kin versus non-kin. The MHC molecule influences an animal's odor,〔Yamazaki, K. et al., (1979) “Recognition Among Mice-Evidence form the use of a Y-Maze Diffentiality Scented by Congenic Mice of Different Major Histocompatibility Types”, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 150(755-760).〕 and olfactory-like receptor genes have been found to link to MHC-receptor loci.〔Eklund, L., Muona, A., Lietard, J., et al., (2000) “Structure of the mouse type XV collagen gene, Co115a1, comparison with the human COL15A1 gene and functional analysis of the promoters of both genes”, Matrix Biology, 19(489-500)〕 MHC is polymorphic (meaning, the molecule can take on many different forms) and thus has the capability to produce very specific odors 〔Brown, JL.; Eklund, A., (1994) “Kin Recognition and the Major Histocompatibility Complex – An Integrative Review”, American Naturalist, Vol 143. 3 (435-461).〕 Additionally, mice and rats have the olfactory acuity to distinguish differences in a single MHC gene.〔Yamazaki, K. et al., (1983) “Sensory distinction between H-2b and H-2bm1 mutant mice”, Proc. National Academy of Science. USA 80(685-688)〕 This evidence suggests an olfactory mechanism for an organism to distinguish molecules formed by itself, and related organisms, and unrelated individuals which differ significantly at the MHC locus. While studies have mainly been conducted in mice, other animals such as fish,〔Olsen, K.H., Grahn, M., Lohm, J., et al. )(1998) “MHC and kin discrimination in Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L)”, Animal Behaviour, 56(319-327).〕 birds 〔Bonadonna, F., Sanz-Aguilar, A., (2012) “Kin Recognition and Inbreeding Avoidance in Wild-
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